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Silva Carbonaria
Silva Carbonaria, the "charcoal forest",〔Or ''Carbonarius saltus'', "the charcoal ravine or wildwood" — in the sense of "unfit for the plough" (Hoffmann 1698, ''s.v.'' "Carbonarius saltus"); the lexicographer Hoffmann found ''Carbonaria silva'' mentioned by Gregory of Tours, the twelfth-century chronicler Sigebert of Gembloux, and Johannes Trithemius.〕 was the dense old-growth forest of beech and oak that formed a natural boundary during the Late Iron Age through Roman times into the Early Middle Ages across what is now Belgium. The forest naturally thinned out in the open sandy stretches to the north and formed a barrier—trackless to the outsider—on the heavier soils to the south. Yet further to the south, the higher elevation and deep river valleys were covered by the even less penetrable ancient ''Arduenna Silva'', the deeply folded Ardennes, which are still forested to this day. The Silva Carbonaria was a vast forest that stretched from the rivers Senne and the Dijle in the north to the Sambre in the south.〔F. L. Ganshof, "Manorial Organization in the Low Countries in the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Centuries" ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', 4th Series 31 (1949:29-59) p. 30.〕 To the east Silva Carbonaria extended to the Rhine, where near Cologne in 388 CE the ''magistri militum praesentalis'' Nannienus and Quintinus〔A. H. M. Jones, John Robert Martindale, J. Morris, eds. ''The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire'', 1971 ''s.v.'' Quintinus"〕 counter-attacked a Frankish incursion across the Rhine in the Silva Carbonaria.〔According to Sulpicius Alexander, quoted in Gregory of Tours, ''History of the Franks'' ii.9: ''multos Francorum, qui Rhenum transierant, a Romanis apud Carbonariam ferrô peremptos tradit'', quoted by Hoffmann 1698.〕 Its northern outliers reached the then marshy site of modern Brussels.〔André De Vries, ''Brussels: A Cultural and Literary History'', 2003:18.〕
==Roman road==
A great Roman road forming a "strategic axis"〔Van Durme 2002:11.〕 linked the Rhine crossing at Cologne with Maastricht, where it crossed the Maas at the head of navigation. Skirting the northern edges of the Silva Carbonaria, it passed through Tongeren, Kortrijk and Cambrai to reach the sea at Boulogne. The highway was the main east–west route in a landscape where the river valleys, tributaries of the Meuse and the Scheldt, tended southwest to northeast. It remained viable through the Early Middle Ages as the ''chaussée Brunehaut'', the "Road of Brunehaut". As a public work its scale had become unimaginable in the Middle Ages: the chronicler Jean d'Outremeuse solemnly related in 1398 that Brunehaut, wife of Sigebert I, had built this wide paved road in 526, and that it was completed in a single night with the devil's aid.〔The confused legendary origins of the ''chausée Brunehaut'' were unraveled and examined by J. Lestoquoy, ("L'étrange histoire de la Chaussée Brunehaut" ), in ''Arras au temps jadis''1946; see ("Presentation of Brunehaut and its villages" ).〕
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